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Resource:- Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. I ntroduction E ducation is fundamental for achieving full human potential, developing an equitable and just society, and promoting national development. Providing universal access to quality education is the key to India’s continued ascent, and leadership on the global stage in terms of economic growth, social justice and equality, scientific advancement, national integration, and cultural preservation. Universal high-quality education is the best way forward for developing and maximizing our country's rich talents and resources for the good of the individual, the society, the country, and the world. India will have the highest population of young people in the world over the next decade, and our ability to provide high-quality educational opportunities to them will determine the future of our country. The global education development agenda reflected in the Goal 4 (SDG4) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Dev...

In this country, it is believed that crude oils and petroleum products will be come very scarce and costly. Day to day fuel economy of engines is getting improved and will continue to improve. However enormous increase in number of vehicles has started dictating the demand of fuels. Gasoline and diesel will become scarce and most costly in the new future. With increased used and the depletion of fossil fuels alternative fuels Technology will become more common in the coming decades.       All these years there have always been some IC engines fuelled with non gasoline or diesel oil fuels. However their numbers have been relatively very small. Because of the high cost of Petroleum products some developing countries are trying to use alternative fuels for their vehicles.      Another reason motivating the the development of alternative fuels for the IC engine is the concern over the imitation problems of gasoline and diesel engines. Combined with other pollu...

1.KINETIC ENERGY CORRECTION FACTOR ● In Bernoulli's equation, the velocity head computed on the basis of the assumption that velocity is uniform over the entire cross section of the stream tube. But in the case of flow of real fluids, the velocity distribution across any cross sectional area of the flow passage is not uniform. ● So, the actual kinetic energy possessed by the fluid is different from that computed by using the mean velocity. ● To obtain actual kinetic energy, kinetic correction factor is multiplied to kinetic energy obtained through mean velocity. ● Consider fluid is flowing in a circular pipe of area A. Taken an elementary strip of area dA at which velocity of flow is 'v' at a cross section. ● For ideal flow profile , a=1.0 ● For turbulent flow in circular pipe a=1.03 to 1.06. ● For laminar flow in circular pipe a=2 and parallel plate a=1.543. ● Value of a for laminar flow is greater than for the turbulent flow because in laminar flow velocity gr...

1.◆ Introduction *Fluid dynamics is a study of fluid motion with the forces causing flow. A force may cause of acceleration aur Deceleration depending on its nature. * the Dynamics of fluid is governed by Newton's second law of motion I.e f =m.a * the various forces acting on a fluid mass may be classified as;   a) Body or Volume Forces: these forces are proportional to the volume of the body.   Eg. ; Weight, centrifugal force, electromagnetic force, etc.   b) Surface forces: these forces are proportional to the surface area.   Eg.: pressure force, share or tangential force, force of compressibility, force due to turbulence etc.   c) Linear forces: these forces are proportional to the length.   Eg.: surface tension.   2.◆ Forces acting on fluid in motion:      Following forces act on the fluid during motion: 1. Gravity force 2. Pressure force 3. viscous force                  ...

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