ADVANCEMENT IN 3D PRINTING IN BIO MEDICAL FIELD

 ABSTRACT

 The field of medicine is one of the fields where we can apply 3D printing technology. Currently we can see that in the biomedical field the application of 3D printing technology is gradually increasing with the commercial use of biodegradable materials.

 The reduction in time which is used for operations by providing information of post-surgical results or giving artificial bones and other organs, these are some of the current contributions of 3D printing technology to the biomedical field.

In the field of dentistry, 3D printing technology can uplift the level of dental treatment by producing orthodontic models, inlay, bridge, and other surgical guides for implants and their surgery. 

Also, there is an advancement in issues like printing materials, modelling, software technology related to CAD, bio-stability verification and incapability. Thus, we can say that the enhancement in these technologies will definitely help us to provide best solutions in dentistry.

Keywords: 3D printing, additive manufacturing, bioprinting, dentistry, tissue engineering.

I. INTRODUCTION

3D printing is a 3D scanner or computer tomography (CT) after recognizing the object in the device using the blueprint drawn by the 3D modelling software, in a way that sprays or laminates a material such as metal or plastic on the same principle as an inkjet printer layer is a technique for outputting a three-dimensional object stacked up. Such 3D printing technology is also referred to as additive manufacturing (additive manufacturing) by building up a fine material to further form the object, and is classified as a technique of rapid prototyping (rapid prototyping, RP) in a wide sense. Recently, 3D printing technology has established itself as a major technology of the future, and as a growth source comparable to the industrial revolution, it is emerging as a key technology that can provide new power throughout the national industry, such as manufacturing and medical industry. 

                                       

II. 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES

III. USE OF 3D PRINTING IN MEDICAL FIELD 

One of the reasons that 3D printing is utilized in the medical field is because the body structure and shape of the person is different for each individual, because 3D printing plays a large role in performing a personalized treatment for the individual patient's body or producing a mechanism. 

In addition, the use of 3D data in the medical field, such as magnetic resonance imaging device (MRI) or CT is increased because the foundation is being created to produce a body model or medical device utilizing the digital data of the patient accordingly. 

If we create a model of the body parts of the patient with a 3D printer, the medical staff prior to the actual surgery can proceed to the surgery plan or mock surgery and also by applying the structure that can guide the surgery safely by pre-production, it is possible to shorten the surgery time and increase the success rate. 

In recent years, hearing aids, prosthetics, dental prosthesis, etc. are used in the production of personalized medical prosthetics and 3D printing technology is also utilized in the form of support in the field of regenerative medicine because it can be molded into the desired form of living cells it is possible to increase the adhesion of the tissue than the support made of conventional metal or plastic. Such 3D printing technology is spread, there is being introduced in the medical field, orthopaedics, dentistry, plastic surgery, and 3D printers are being utilized to cancer surgery.

IV. BIO PRINTING

It is a technique that is the basis of tissue engineering as a technique for producing tissues or organs by laminating the living cells in the desired shape. The most important factor for this is the support, which is excellent biocompatibility and the surface area should be large and porous and requires appropriate physical and chemical properties and molding workability. In addition, it should be a structure that protects the cells from external infections and supplies oxygen and nutrients to the cells and can easily discharge carbon dioxide. In addition, after the blood vessel generation should be naturally biodegradable in the body. The support that allows cells to grow is collagen as a fundamental element of tissue engineering.

V. FIELD OF DENTISTRY

Bio-medical, In the field of dentistry to be produced using a biomaterial, such as bone or cartilage, and further bio-friendly and biodegradable by injecting bone forming factors such as cells after producing a tooth support to be bio-friendly and an attempt to regenerate the alveolar bone and periodontal tissue.

 To date, to produce a model of the patient's teeth with plaster for orthodontics and to produce them by hand, such as orthodontic devices or implants by the basic structure. In recent years, it has become possible to produce a calibration device or implant stent, etc. directly based on the patient's teeth and dentition data scanned by digital-based devices such as 3D scanners, dental CT. 

In addition, it is possible to produce a tooth model, surgical instruments, etc., it was possible to perform the procedure much faster and more accurate than in the past.

 As the adoption of 3D printing technology in the dental sector has increased, the industry is rushing to launch related solutions. While the high cost of 3D printing technology has traditionally been introduced only in large laboratories, the new desktop 3D printers are characterized by the ability to easily build digital dental solutions at a low cost, even in small laboratories and clinics.

In the dental laboratory, combining 3D printing technology such as 3D oral scanning, CAD-CAM and design software dental stone models and transparent braces, as well as veneer prototype similar to the actual teeth can be produced quickly and exquisitely a variety of dental orthodontic devices. 

In addition, it is possible to store the patient's case in digital data is also an advantage that does not require space to store a large number of models. A summary of the application of 3D printing process technology in the dental field is as follows. 

SLA printers are mainly used for calibration retainer production, and polyjet printers are also available. DLP printers are used for coping for prosthetics. Fierce model production has printers such as DLP, SLA, polyjet, and denture framework can be produced using printers such as FDM, DLP, SLS.

Prosthetics: - 

Part of the most common application in the dental field is a trend that is the production method of the tooth prosthesis by the 3D printer is drastically improved. The current metal exposition or the production process of the tooth prosthesis, such as the all ceramic crown is solely because it is made by hand of the stroke construction, the labour, time, the consumption of many complex processes and the resulting errors, deformation of the material, such as the accuracy of the final prosthesis, such as there is a lot of potential that can occur. 

However, with the introduction of CAD-CAM and 3D printing technology, the production time is significantly reduced, it is possible to minimize the error in the production process. Of course, there is controversy as to the accuracy of the camera for oral scans, but in the future these problems will also be solved and will replace the existing prosthesis production method. 

Wax pattern production: - 

Metal excitation, reprint, RPD framework, etc. take a long time and the quality of the wax pattern depends on the technique of the construction. However, using a 3D printer such as CAD and 3DP equipped with software such as WaxProTM can elaborate lysis of wax patterns at a constant thickness to improve the accuracy of the prosthesis. In addition, it is possible to omit a number of processes, such as impression gain and model production can be shortened production time. 

Metal casting, facial restoration, mold production for gun teeth:-

Ceramic mold for metal casting, mold (flask) for producing polyurethane or silicone steel for facial defect restoration, and for the production of a total. This process is omitted from the wax pattern production and removal process, so it is can reduce the error by reducing the shrinkage that occurs in the process and can save labour and time.

USE OF 3D PRINTING IN DENTISTRY

Prosthodontics- 

Prosthodontics is an acknowledged dental specialty regarding to the diagnosis, planning, medical treatment, and upkeeping of oral function, aesthetics and patients with unresolved conditions related with missing or deficient teeth. 

In this extracted tooth from cadavers is used to exchange the lost dentition and similar to other part of the jaw. 

Previously, silicone polymers were used to generate intra oral impressions and constriction, which was time consuming, unmanageable and requires high skilled technician in the field of dentistry. With ongoing procedure regarding prosthodontic on additive manufacturing used to fabricate removal and whole dentures in prosthodontics has given us positive results so far with covering physical and technical properties.

Orthodontic - 

Orthodontics is a branch of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis, prevention and correction of mal-positioned teeth and jaws. It can also focus on modifying facial growth, is called dentofacial orthopaedics. Improper arrangement of teeth and jaws are common. The way of correct representation of patient’s dental arches and teeth is an essential pre-requisite in orthodontia to identify and diagnose the malocclusion, operate the treatment, aid in clinic and perform the effective treatment. With the help of this computer aided technique it is now possible to virtually present the changes caused by the braces in advance. 

Endodontics- 

Endodontic is a branch of dental concerned with diseases and injuries of the soft tissue inside a tooth (the dental pulp). Its treatment, or root canal treatment, treats the soft pulp tissue inside the tooth. It helps to put a stop to the natural tooth by exchanging it by prosthetic surgery. The principle of 3D printing can be put in to deliver stem cells, pulp scaffolds, inject calcium phosphates, growth factors, and for gene therapy in the endodontic. 3D- printed chaperone is helpful for time saving aid in calcified canal cases and apical periodontitis. 

Periodontics -  

Periodontics is a strong point in dentistry, it concerned with the structures and supporting the teeth or specialize in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of periodontal diseases. Another field of dentistry in which 3D printing is used as periodontology with the focus being on regenerative periodontology in research and 3D-printed guides for aesthetic gingival correction. The periodontium is a difficult tissue system, which contain various components like bone, gingiva, and cementum. All tissue has different properties and tissue regeneration in the oral cavity is accordingly controlled by several cell types, signaling mechanisms and interactions.

VI. CONCLUSION 

3D printing has become one of the helpful and developing transformative tool in various field, which includes medicine and dentistry. The use of 3D printing technology for medical use is beyond astonishing but nobody knows what future holds. In the field of dentistry, using 3D printing technology is expected to be able to further increase dental medical techniques, such as crown, bridge, inlay, prosthetic restoration production, orthodontic device and model production, implant implantation or surgical guide production for surgical. 

While selecting appropriate printing system, account must be taken of material possibility, medical properties of the materials, time required, and the desired resolution of the print object. 3D printing really has no limits and only the surface has been scratched, there is still much more undiscovered.